A new report by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) says that if current trends of vehicle population, fuel and emission standards persist in India, PM 2.5 emissions will increase by a factor of three, and those of NOx will increase by a factor of five. The transport sector contributes about 15 to 50 per cent of PM 2.5 emissions in cities, and is a dominant contributor to NOx emissions, says the report.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that of the 67 risk factors studied in their Global Burden of Disease project, outdoor air pollution was ranked fifth in mortality and seventh in health burden in India, contributing to over 627,000 deaths and 17.7 million healthy years of life lost in 2010.
The new report, titled “Options to Reduce Road Transport Pollution in India”, establishes the scientific basis for reducing emissions, the technologies available, and governance issues that need to be urgently addressed to improve air quality in Indian cities.
Said Dr. R. K. Pachauri, Director General, TERI, “We should go beyond technological transfers and evolve pathways for pollution control, as there are co-benefits of reducing greenhouse gases and reducing the health burden. We need to develop larger frameworks to mobilize resources and invest in technological innovations. This report will provide intellectual inputs to formulate specific pollution control models for States, and this will require the intervention of not just the government, but all stakeholders.”
Said Dr. Mary Nichols, Chairman, CARB, “In 1991, there were 20 million vehicles in India. The number had skyrocketed to 140 million in 2011, and by 2030, vehicle population is expected to reach a staggering 400 million. We need multiple strategies to bring regulatory agencies and the regulated communities together and provide incentives to reduce the pollution load.”
Vehicular emissions contribute to particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5) and to Nitrogen Oxides, NO and NO2 (NOx). NOx in turn leads to the production of ozone. PM 2.5 is the dominant contributor to premature deaths and numerous other illnesses, followed by ozone and NOx, and these are the major contributors to agricultural impacts, says the report.
Said Prof. V. Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), “Tackling air pollution may seem a complex problem, but California has demonstrated how drastic reductions in air pollution can be achieved. We simply cannot ignore the linkages and the multi-dimensional impacts of air pollution – for instance, ozone pollution leads to massive crop losses.”
The report makes 12 specific recommendations for immediate action:
- Building and monitoring information;
- Upgrading fuel quality;
- Tightening vehicular emissions standards;
- Upgrading in-use testing (inspection and enforcement);
- Fostering new engine management technology;
- Encouraging fleet modernization;
- Shifting transportation to other modes;
- Promoting non-motorized means of transport (walking and cycling);
- Increasing distribution of electric and hybrid vehicles;
- Using microgrids for electric and hybrid vehicles;
- Improving integrated land-use planning; and,
- Increasing cooperation between the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the Union and State Governments in India.
TERI-UCSD-CARB Collaboration
Without affecting its impressive economic growth, California has drastically cut down its emissions. In the 1960s, California had one of the highest air pollution levels in the world, and this triggered a public health outrage. Over the past 40-50 years, California has succeeded in reducing the levels of all air pollutions by 75 to 90 per cent though a series of measures. In particular, it has significantly reduced black carbon and particulate pollutants from automobiles.
